• Bhuel, sin ceist mhaith : well, that’s a good question.
• Fan go bhfeicfidh mé : wait until I see.
• Caithfidh mé a rá : I have to say
• Déirfinn go. . : I would say . .
• Is dócha go. . : I suppose. .
• Ní féidir a shéanadh ach go . . : It cannot be denied that. . .
• Ceist casta is ea í sin, gan réiteach sofheicithe : that’s a complicated question without a visible solution.
• Níl tuairim dá laghad agam faoin an ábhar sin : I don’t have a clue about that subject
• Níl spéis agam sa cúrsaí sin mar níl an am agam leis an brú an bliain seo : I don’t have an interest is those things because I don’t have the time with the pressure this year
• Caithfidh mé smaoinimh faoin sin : I have to think about that
• Tá fhios agat: You know
• An bhfuil fhios agat : do you know
• Anois: now
• N’fheadar : I don’t know
• B’fheidir: maybe
• Ní bheadh mé in ann tada a rá faoin ceist sin : I wouldn’t be able to say anything about that

Empirical Formula shows the simplest whole number ratio in which the atoms of the elements are present e.g. Empirical formula of Ethyne (C2H2): CH

A compound is found to contain 68.85% carbon (C), 4.92% hydrogen (H) and 26.23% oxygen (O) by mass.

What is the empirical formula?

68.85/12 = 5.74 moles carbon

4.92/1 = 4.92 moles hydrogen

2.23/16 = 1.64 moles oxygen

Ratio: 5.74: 4.92 : 1.64

3.5  :  3 : 1

7  : 6  : 2

Formula: C7H6O2

Molecular Formula show the actual number of atoms of each element present in the compound

The relative molecular mass of propene is 42. It contains 85.7% carbon (C) and 14.3% hydrogen (H).

Find the molecular formula.

85.7/12 = 7.14 moles carbon

14.3/1 = 14.3 moles hydrogen

Ratio: 7.14: 14.3 = 1:2

Empirical Formula: CH2

Number of CH2 units in a propene molecule: 42/14 = 3

Molecular Formula: C3H6

Structural Formula shows the arrangement of atoms within a molecule

e.g.

Remember: In balancing an equation, formulas cannot be altered, only multiplied by appropriate numbers.

• When a chemical reaction involves the excess of one reactant, the substance not present in excess is called the limiting reactant.

Show clearly that ethanol was the limiting reagent of we have 8cm3 of C2H5OH (density 0.8 g/cm3) and 28.9g Na2Cr2O4.2H20, according to the equation

3C2H5OH + 2Cr2O7 +16 H+ —> 3CH3COOH + 4Cr3+ + 11H2O

Ratio: 3:2 —> 3:4

C2H5OH: (8 x 0.8)/46 = 0.14 moles

Cr2O7: 29.8/298 =0.1 moles

We only need 0.093 moles Cr2O7.2H2O to react with 0.14 moles C2H5OH. Therefore C2H5OH is the limiting reagent.

• Percentage Yield: Actual Yield X 100 %

Theoretical Yield

20g plant material were heated in the presence of steam. 0.25g liquid was obtained. Calculate the percentage yield.

0.25g x 100 = 1.25%
20g

In Ireland today, we normally take the car instead of public transport of walking.
What problems does this pose to our society?

Answer

Oui, c’est vrai. Il y a des problémes á cause de la voiture dans notre société. C’est problem primordial de nos jours.
D’abord, tout le monde prend sa voiture pour aller au travail, même si c’est seulement à vingt minutes à pied.

Aujourd’hui, des enfants souffrent de l’obésité parce-qu’ils manquent d’exercise. Ils ont leurs parents qui les conduirent partout au lieu d’aller à pied ou à vélo.

Deuxièmement, il y a trop de circulation le matin. Sans mentionner, des accidents de la route aussi.

La vie de famille est affectée. Il y a des gens, qui passent quatre heures sur la route par jour. Quand ils arrivent à la maison, ils sont stressés.

En Anglais

Yes, it’s true. There are problems caused by cars in our society. It’s a fundamental problem nowadays.
Firstly, everyone takes the car to work , even if it’s only a twenty minute walk.

Today, children suffer from obesity from lack of exercise. It’s their parents who drive them everywhere instead of walking of cycling.

Secondly, there is too much traffic in the mornings. Without mentioning the accidents also on the road.

Family life is affected. There are some people who spend four hours on the road per day. When they arrive home, they are stressed.

Irish higher category

Summary

Fear an-bhocht ab ea an Cearrbhach. Chaith sé a híoche go léir ag cearbhacas. Bhí a bhean i bpriacal. Chuaigh an Cearrbhach chun sagart a fháil. Bhuail sé le Dia, ach lean sé ag iarraigh sagart. Bhuail sé le Bás, d’inis Bás dó dul air ais agus faigh Dia chun an leanabh a báisfear. Dúirt sé go mbéach sé ina charas Críost. Nuair a raibh an báistadh thart, dúirt Bás gur an Cearrbhach dul air ais agus iarr achainí ó Dia.

“Bua chearrbhach an domhain a thart dom.” Léan arís é agus achainí mhaith air.

“Bua dochtúirí an domhain a bheith agam.”

“Is dona an achainí í,” arsa an Bás (athrá – repetition)

Iarraim achainí do dhuine ar bith a leagfas lámh ar úllann a lámh a greamú den úll agus an t-úll greamú den chrann go dtí gur maith liomsa a scaoileadh. Níor inis sé an triú achainí don Bás. Rinne siad margadh. Má bhíonn Bás ina shuí as cosa na leaba, bheith ar an Cearrbhach a leigheas a dheanaigh. Má bhíonn sé ag barr an leaba, bheith ar an duine a mharú. Bhuaigh sé an méid airgead a chaill sé riamh. Ghlaoigh ar chun Spáinn, ach bhí Bás ina shuí ag barr an leaba. Déan sé a leigheas. Rug Bás greim scornaí air. Lig air dul ar ais go hÉireann agus antór a dtuga do a chlann.

Tamaill bhig tar éis sin. D’iarr sé spás go raibh orlach na coinnle dóite. Mhúch sé an coinneal. Seacht mbliain ina dhiadh sin, fuair an Bás greim sceadamáin arís air. Dúirt sé go raibh tart air. Ghreamaigh an Bás den crann. Rinne siad margadh, dá ligeann sé Bás saor, bheith sé sabháilte ar feadh seacht mbliana eile.

“Lig dom paidir urnaí a rá.” Bhí gasúr ag caoineadh, “ní ligfear chun comaoine re”. D’éirigh an Bás ina sheasamh as crathaíocht an ghasúir. Chuaigh sé go hIfreann. Bhí sé ag imirt cartaí go dtí nár fhág aon bhall seilbhe ag an diabhail. Bhí sé caíte amach. Bhí trua ar Pheadar na nEochracha agus lig sé isteach trí geataí na bhflaitheas. Tá na cartaí fós spréithe ar Earraig os chomhair na ngeataí.

Fóclóir

ag cearbhacas – playing cards

achainí – wishes

athrá – repetition

greamú – stuck (hand stuck to the apple)

Rug Bás greim scornaí air – Death grabbed him by the throat

Mhúch sé – He dowsed, he extinguished